DHAKA: Fugitive former Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina orchestrated a “systematic attack” that amounted to crimes against humanity in her attempt to crush the uprising that toppled her government, Bangladeshi prosecutors said at the opening of her trial on Sunday. Up to 1,400 people were killed between July and August 2024 after Hasina’s government launched its crackdown, according to the United Nations. Hasina, 77, fled by helicopter to her old ally India as the student-led uprising ended her 15-year rule and she has defied an extradition order to return to Dhaka.

Bangladesh’s International Crimes Tribunal (ICT) is prosecuting former senior figures connected to Hasina’s ousted government and her now-banned party, the Awami League. “Upon scrutinizing the evidence, we reached the conclusion that it was a coordinated, widespread and systematic attack,” ICT chief prosecutor Mohammad Tajul Islam told the court in his opening speech. “The accused unleashed all law enforcement agencies and her armed party members to crush the uprising.” Islam lodged five charges each against Hasina and two other officials that included “abetment, incitement, complicity, facilitation, conspiracy, and failure to prevent mass murder during the July uprising”. Prosecutors say such acts are tantamount to “crimes against humanity”.

‘Not an act of vendetta’

Hasina, who remains in self-imposed exile in India, has rejected the charges as politically motivated. As well as Hasina, the case includes ex-police chief Chowdhury Abdullah Al Mamun—who is in custody but did not appear in court on Sunday—and former interior minister Asaduzzaman Khan Kamal, who is also on the run. The prosecution of senior figures from Hasina’s government is a key demand of several of the political parties now jostling for power. The interim government has vowed to hold elections before June 2026.

The hearing is being broadcast live on state-owned Bangladesh Television. Prosecutor Islam vowed that the trial would be impartial. “This is not an act of vendetta but a commitment to the principle that, in a democratic country, there is no room for crimes against humanity,” he said. Investigators have collected video footage, audio clips, Hasina’s phone conversations and records of helicopter and drone movements, as well as statements from victims of the crackdown, as part of their probe.

The prosecution argues that Hasina ordered security forces, through directives from the interior ministry and police, to crush the protesters. “They systematically committed murder, attempted murder, torture, and other inhuman acts,” Islam said. Prosecutors also allege that security forces opened fire from helicopters after Hasina’s directives. They also accused Hasina of ordering the killing of student protester Abu Sayeed, who was shot dead at close range in the northern city of Rangpur on July 16.

He was the first student demonstrator killed in the police crackdown on protests and footage of his last moments was shown repeatedly on Bangladeshi television after Hasina’s downfall. The ICT court opened its first trial connected to Hasina’s government on May 25. In that case, eight police officials face charges of crimes against humanity over the killing of six protesters on August 5, the day that Hasina fled the country. Four of the officers are in custody and four are being tried in absentia.

The ICT was set up by Hasina in 2009 to investigate crimes committed by the Pakistani army during Bangladesh’s war for independence in 1971. It sentenced numerous prominent political opponents to death and became widely seen as a means for Hasina to eliminate rivals. Separately on Sunday, the Supreme Court restored the registration of Bangladesh’s largest Islamist party, Jamaat-e-Islami, allowing it to take part in elections. Hasina had banned Jamaat-e-Islami and cracked down on its leaders. Bangladesh’s interim government banned the Awami League in May, pending the outcome of her trial, and those of other party leaders.

Bangladesh banknotes

Meanwhile, Bangladesh on Sunday issued new banknotes to replace designs featuring its founding president, the father of ousted prime minister Sheikh Hasina who was overthrown last year. The South Asian nation of some 170 million people has been run by a caretaker government since Hasina fled - whose trial opened Sunday on charges of trying to crush the uprising against her government in August 2024. Until now, all notes featured the portrait of her father, the late Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who led Bangladesh from independence from Pakistan in 1971 until soldiers assassinated him and most of his family in a 1975 coup.

“Under the new series and design, the notes will not feature any human portraits, but will instead showcase natural landscapes and traditional landmarks,” Bangladesh Bank spokesman Arif Hossain Khan told AFP. Among the designs in the Muslim-majority nation are images of Hindu and Buddhist temples, as well as historical palaces.

They also include artwork of the late painter Zainul Abedin, depicting the Bengal famine during British colonial rule. Another will depict the national martyrs’ memorial for those who died in the independence war against Pakistan. On Sunday, notes for three of the nine different denominations were released. “The new notes will be issued from the central bank’s headquarters, and later from its other offices across the country,” he added. “The other denominations of the notes with new designs will be released in phases”. Existing notes and coins will remain in circulation alongside the new notes.

It is not the first time that the design has changed to reflect changing politics. Initial notes issued in 1972 - after Bangladesh changed its name from East Pakistan - featured a map. Later notes featured Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who led the Awami League, which Hasina also led during her 15 years in power. When other parties were in charge - dominated by the powerful Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) - historic and archaeological sites featured. - AFP