KUWAIT: Stories and secrets of civilizations dating back thousands of years are hidden under the sands of Kuwait, bearing witness to a rich historical and cultural legacy that has made the country a golden key to understanding the history of the region and linking its present to its past. Kuwait hosts a rich record of archaeological discoveries of ancient civilizations that have settled its land throughout history, reflecting its pivotal role and strategic geographical location and embodying its centrality in communication between civilizations and cultural exchange.

The first beginnings of archaeological missions in the country date back to the year 1958, which constitutes a milestone in the launch of archaeological explorations through the Danish mission that traveled to Kuwait after receiving an invitation from the Kuwaiti government in 1957. Since that date, archaeological survey and excavation programs have continued on the land of Kuwait and its islands to place the treasures of its successive discoveries on the civilizational map of the region and provide a guide to cultures, cities, and societies since the beginning of human settlement on its land at the end of the sixth millennium BC.

Failaka Island, which is believed to have been called Ajarum in ancient times, is one of the most prominent archaeological sites in the country, as it was closely linked to the ancient Dilmun civilization and played a pivotal civilizational role during that period due to its location on the global maritime trade route that linked the civilizations of Mesopotamia and the civilizations of southern Arabia. 

The island, which is 12 km long and 6 km wide, reveals integrated settlements dating back to the early second millennium BC, including residential buildings, a temple, and the site of the governor’s palace, in addition to another settlement overlooking a natural harbor believed to be the island’s ancient harbor. Over time, Failaka witnessed fluctuations in its cultural role, as it was exposed to Hellenistic influence after the fall of the Dilmun civilization.

Archaeological excavations revealed a number of settlements dating back to that period, such as the unique Hellenistic castle in the Arabian Gulf region, which includes watchtowers, temples, and residential buildings, in addition to a moat surrounding the castle from the outside. The first artifact discovered on the island dates back to 1937. The Subiya area, located north of Kuwait Bay, specifically on the Tabij Peninsula, has become the focus of international archaeological excavation missions, as it has revealed ancient civilizations and archaeological sites dating back to the Ubaid civilization during the period from 4500 to 5500 BC. 

In alignment with Kuwait’s efforts to protect its archaeological heritage, Dr Hassan Ashkanani, an archaeologist at Kuwait University and advisor to the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters (NCCAL), announced that a French team will soon arrive in Kuwait to restore the Hellenistic castle at Tell Said and preserve previously uncovered archaeological remains. The NCCAL is also collaborating with Sapienza University of Rome to conduct a survey in northern Kuwait, further advancing the country’s commitment to safeguarding its cultural heritage.

Kuwait’s landscape, rich in archaeological significance, has yielded a wealth of discoveries that highlight its pivotal role in the region’s historical development. Its strategic location has long connected different civilizations, fostering cultural exchanges and maritime trade.

Notable sites

Archaeological exploration in Kuwait began in 1958 with the arrival of the Danish mission, which was invited by the Kuwaiti government. Since then, numerous excavation programs across the mainland and its islands have unearthed valuable artifacts and settlements, shedding light on the country’s central role in ancient trade and culture.

One of the most notable archaeological sites is Failaka Island, historically known as “Ajarum” and a key location in the Dilmun civilization. Situated on an important maritime trade route between Mesopotamia and southern Arabia, Failaka was home to various settlements and religious centers. Excavations have uncovered residential areas, temples, and a palace complex dating back to the second millennium BC. Additionally, the island reveals settlements from the Hellenistic period, including a fortress complete with watchtowers, temples, and a moat.

Among the many discoveries on Failaka, one of the most significant is a Greek inscription from 1937, which commemorates a dedication to the gods Zeus, Poseidon, and Artemis. This find underscores the island’s historical importance as a cultural and religious hub.

Further north, the Subiya area has yielded evidence of early civilizations dating back to the Ubaid period (4500-5500 BC). Excavations have uncovered Neolithic tools, burial mounds, and a remarkable clay boat model, indicating significant maritime activity and trade connections with nearby regions.

At Tell Bhaita, excavations have revealed settlements dating back centuries, along with rare artifacts such as coins, pottery, and remnants of Kuwait’s second city wall, offering insight into the early development of the city. The Kathma area has also yielded significant discoveries from the Umayyad and Abbasid periods (8th-9th centuries AD), affirming its role as a crucial trade station. Historical studies suggest that Kazma may have been the site of the Battle of Chains, fought between Muslims and Persians in the 12th year of the Islamic calendar.

Kuwait’s ongoing archaeological surveys have uncovered centers of Islamic history, including Wadi Al-Batin, part of the Basra pilgrimage route, as well as sites in Umm Al-Aish. These findings reflect Kuwait’s role as a vibrant center for commercial and agricultural activity.

Recent discoveries

The 2024 excavation season has brought new discoveries in Kazma, Subiya, and Failaka, with the Kuwaiti-Danish team uncovering a Bronze Age temple from the Dilmun civilization — a key discovery in understanding Failaka’s role as a cultural, commercial, and religious hub over 4,000 years ago. Dr. Steven Larsen, head of the Danish mission, emphasized that Failaka was a critical trade hub between Babylon and the Indian Ocean, with the Dilmun Kingdom establishing bustling ports and religious centers. The discovery of a Bronze Age temple on the island, measuring 11 by 11 meters, offers valuable insights into the religious practices of the time.

The Polish excavation team at Bahra 1 in Subiya uncovered a jewelry workshop dating back to the Ubaid period, along with a human head sculpture made of clay — the first of its kind found in the Gulf region. The ongoing work of international teams continues to elevate Kuwait’s archaeological significance. The Italian teams working at the Quriniya site and Palace site (8th-9th centuries AD) contribute to an ever-expanding understanding of Kuwait’s ancient history.

Kuwait’s commitment to preserving its heritage is enshrined in the 1960 Antiquities Law, which mandates the protection and documentation of archaeological sites and objects. This law ensures the protection of Kuwait’s rich cultural legacy and prevents the illicit trade or destruction of artifacts. — KUNA

As Kuwait continues to engage with global archaeological teams, the discoveries made in its lands serve not only as testaments to its historical roots but also as bridges connecting the past with the present. These archaeological sites reflect Kuwait’s identity and offer visitors, researchers, and historians a chance to explore the ancient Near East’s most significant civilizations. — KUNA