The dishdasha, also known as thawb or kandura, is a traditional garment that reflects the rich cultural diversity and history of the Arab world. Worn by men across the GCC, the dishdasha embodies regional identities, social distinctions and adaptations to the climate. White or lighter-colored dishdashas are commonly worn in summer, while darker shades are preferred during winter.
The dishdasha has deep historical roots, tracing back to the ancient garments of Middle Eastern peoples, including Arab tribes, Mesopotamians and ancient Egyptians. These early garments prioritized practicality and comfort, establishing the foundation for a staple of Arab attire. As fashion historian Dr Abeer Al-Shater explains, “The dishdasha has evolved over centuries, adapting to cultural influences and climatic conditions while retaining its essence as a symbol of identity.”
Kuwaiti dishdashas are characterized by a more relaxed fit and hold cultural significance beyond fashion, serving as a symbol of national identity. They are worn in everyday life and for special occasions, especially in formal settings. Similarly, Bahraini thawbs are closely related to Kuwaiti designs, though slight variations often reflect personal preferences.


In Saudi Arabia, the thawb typically features a straight cut and high collar. Most commonly worn in white, it symbolizes purity and is often cuffed in various styles. More than just clothing, the Saudi thawb is a cultural hallmark, signifying national pride. According to a study published in the Journal of Arabian Studies, “The Saudi dishdasha serves as a vital component of male identity in public and private spheres.” It is also commonly worn in schools across the kingdom.
The Qatari thawb closely resembles the Saudi version but is distinguished by intricate embroidery, especially around the collar and cuffs. While white remains the most common color, variations exist for special occasions. According to The Peninsula Qatar, “The dishdasha is a vital aspect of Qatari culture, embodying tradition while allowing for personal expression.”
In the UAE, the kandura often features lighter fabrics and a more tailored fit. White is the standard color for formal occasions, but pastel shades or patterned fabrics are also popular, particularly during celebrations. The kandura is sometimes collarless and may include a knitted tie design. As noted in Arabian Business, “The dishdasha has adapted to modern fashion trends, reflecting the UAE’s unique blend of tradition and cosmopolitanism.”
In Oman, the dishdasha often includes a distinct front opening and is sometimes paired with decorative belts and a traditional dagger known as the khanjar. These garments are typically longer and come in darker shades compared to those in neighboring countries. The cultural importance of the dishdasha in Oman is highlighted in Oman Daily Observer, which emphasizes that “wearing the dishdasha is a way to express one’s social status and tribal affiliation.”
In recent decades, the dishdasha has undergone significant transformations due to the influence of global fashion and media. While traditional designs remain popular, contemporary adaptations have emerged, incorporating modern fabrics and styles.
Headwear in the GCC varies by region. The ghutra or shemagh is commonly worn in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar, and occasionally in the UAE. The umama or massar is more commonly seen in the UAE and Oman, while Omanis often substitute the umama with the kuma, an embroidered cap.
The younger generation has shown a renewed interest in traditional clothing, with the dishdasha increasingly seen as a statement of cultural pride and identity. Dr Fatima Al-Mansouri, a cultural anthropologist, remarks, “The resurgence of the dishdasha among youth signifies a growing awareness and appreciation for cultural identity in a globalized age.”
The dishdasha is a complex garment that reflects the richness of the Arab world’s cultural heritage. Its variations across countries highlight the diversity within Arab culture while demonstrating how traditions can evolve and retain their significance. As it continues to adapt to modern influences, the dishdasha remains a powerful symbol of identity and pride for many in the region.