KORNIDZOR, Armenia: The flood of refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh dwindled to a trickle Saturday as Armenia said nearly the entire population of the breakaway territory had already fled after Azerbaijan seized back control. An AFP journalist at the Kornidzor crossing into Armenia saw only several ambulances arrive as border guards said they were waiting for a final few buses. In the nearest town of Goris, hundreds of exhausted refugees waited amongst their baggage in the central square for the government to offer accommodation.

Azerbaijan’s lightning military takeover of the ethnic Armenian enclave last week sparked a sudden exodus that has rewritten the centuries-old ethnic makeup of the disputed region. Armenia said Saturday 100,417 people from an estimated population of 120,000 had fled since the breakaway region saw its decades-long fight against Azerbaijani rule end in sudden defeat. Artak Beglaryan, a former separatist official, said that according to unofficial information “the last groups” of Nagorno-Karabakh residents were on their way to Armenia Saturday.

“At most a few hundred persons remain, most of whom are officials, emergency services employees, volunteers, some persons with special needs,” he wrote on social media. Yerevan has accused Azerbaijan of conducting a campaign of “ethnic cleansing” to clear Nagorno-Karabakh of its Armenian population. But Baku has denied the claim and has publicly called on the Armenian residents of the territory to stay and “reintegrate” into Azerbaijan. The United Nations has said it will send a mission to Nagorno-Karabakh this weekend, mainly to assess humanitarian needs, the first time the international body has had access to the region in about 30 years.

France lashed out at Azerbaijan for only allowing the mission in after most residents had already fled. Armenia has asked the UN’s highest court to take urgent measures to protect the enclave’s inhabitants, the court announced on Friday. Yerevan urged the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to ensure that Azerbaijan does not move to displace the remaining ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh or prevent “the safe and expeditious return” of those who have already fled. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies on Friday announced an emergency appeal for 20 million Swiss Francs ($22 million) to help the refugees.

The Azerbaijani offensive was both the shortest and most decisive of any conflict the predominantly Christian Armenian and Muslim Azerbaijani rivals have waged since the region’s status became disputed with the collapse of the Soviet Union. The separatists agreed on Thursday to dissolve their government and become a formal part of Azerbaijan by the end of the year. The decision marked the end of one of the world’s longest and seemingly most intractable “frozen conflicts”—one that Azerbaijan was able to finally win while longstanding Armenian ally Russia was bogged down in its war on Ukraine.

Azerbaijan is now holding “re-integration” talks with separatist leaders while at the same time detained some senior figures from its former government and military command. Former separatist foreign minister David Babayan, who announced earlier he would surrender, was the latest arrested by Baku. Some 2,000 people staged a demonstration on Saturday in Yerevan in support of the breakaway region’s detained leader Ruben Vardanyan. “I hope the international community will not turn a blind eye on the fate of Vardanyan and other Armenians who are now in Baku’s prisons,” schoolteacher Alina Dadayan, 48, told AFP.

“We must save all of them from Azerbaijani captivity.” Nagorno-Karabakh is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan—a status it has enjoyed since first being handed to Baku by Moscow in the 1920s. But it has been populated by ethnic Armenians since at least the 2nd century BC and is viewed by many in Yerevan as a cherished ancestral home. The region’s supporters and pro-Russians staged six days of anti-government protests that they interrupted this week to help Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan focus on helping the refugees.

But they intend to hold another big and disruptive rally on Saturday aimed at punishing Pashinyan for deciding not to help separatist forces fight Azerbaijan. Pashinyan has tried to deflect the blame on Russia. Moscow has deployed peacekeepers in the region that were meant to police a truce ending a 2020 war in which Baku clawed back some of the lands it lost to the separatists in the 1990s. Pashinyan called Yerevan’s current alliances “ineffective” and urged parliament in next week’s session to ratify a document that would make Armenia a member of the International Criminal Court. The ICC has issued an international arrest warrant for Russian President Vladimir Putin. The Kremlin said it would treat Armenia’s ICC membership as an “extremely hostile” step. – AFP